July 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy: seven weeks after his first meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and as the crisis over Berlin’s status escalated, delivered a nationally-televised speech urging Americans to prepare for nuclear war by building home fallout shelters. Bunker mania ensued!
Radio and television report to the American people on the Berlin crisis, 25 July 1961 | Full speech on Youtube.
If the above message sounds familiar, that might be because New York City’s Emergency Management Department released a public service video a year ago this month with a very similar message...
Popular Mechanics
NYC Nuclear Clown Ops:
Practically overnight, Kennedy’s address set off a nationwide fallout shelter frenzy on steroids. Heated debates ensued on the morality of turning away or even shooting neighbors trying to enter a family shelter in an emergency. Here’s an article in TIME from August 18, 1961 titled, "Gun Thy Neighbor?":
Popular culture took notice. On September 29, 1961, CBS broadcast "The Shelter" - a nuclear-war-themed episode of "The Twilight Zone" written by Rod Serling that dramatically distilled the profound moral and ethical dilemmas presented by the family fallout shelter during a crisis.
Harshly criticized (including by Eleanor Roosevelt and the Rev. Billy Graham) for triggering the hysteria, JFK subsequently pleaded,"Let us concentrate more on keeping enemy bombers and missiles away from our shores, and concentrate less on keeping neighbors away from our shelters."
JFK November 18, 1961 Address in Los Angeles at a Dinner of the Democratic Party of California.
By the time the shelter frenzy ended in December 1961 (after tensions over Berlin had diminished), Congress had appropriated more than $200 million ($2,040,862,876 today) to clearly identify and restock existing public shelters. But only about 200,000 families had built their own.
The thousands of adverts in every newspaper, magazine, radio & TV commercials, stores, small businesses to sexy models had gone nuclear crazy. Some of those infamous fallout signs can still be found on old buildings across America cities & towns.
Exactly one year later after JFK's speech...
July 25, 1962 at Johnston Island in the Northern Pacific, under Operation Dominic (a series of 31 nuclear test explosions) a second attempt for Operation Fishbowl suffers "Bluegill Prime" failure. The Operation Fishbowl nuclear tests were originally planned to be completed during the first half of 1962 with three tests named Bluegill, Starfish and Urraca from Johnson Island. If a test were to fail, the next attempt of the same test would be of the same name plus the word "prime."
The Bluegill Prime high-altitude nuclear test failed when a fuel valve on the Thor Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) being used to launch the warhead got stuck in the open position, causing the missile to catch fire on the pad resulting in an epic radioactive disaster.
When the Thor’s command-destruct system malfunctioned, Sandia weapons scientists on site remotely disabled the W50 warhead by detonating one section of high explosives, causing major contamination and destroying the missile and launch pad (11:15-12:25): Video
A subsequent radiological survey by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) described the aftermath of this nuclear weapon disaster as follows:
Damage was so severe, the launch complex had to be completely rebuilt. The DTRA report noted that during that three-month process to avoid delaying subsequent nuclear tests launched from Johnston Island, the heavily contaminated debris was hastily dumped into the surrounding ocean.
"Today I am an inquisitor. An hyperbole would not be fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that I feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution." ... A President is impeachable if he attempts to subvert the Constitution."
If the impeachment provision in the Constitution of the United States will not reach the offenses charged here, then perhaps that 18th-century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th-century paper shredder!" -- "Who can so properly be the inquisitors for the nation as the representatives of the nation themselves?"
— Rep. Barbara Jordan, Statement on the Articles of Impeachment, July 25, 1974; And quoting Federalist No. 65 (Alexander Hamilton)
Barbara Jordan remarks on impeachment during Watergate (Transcript & video)
Radio and television report to the American people on the Berlin crisis, 25 July 1961 | Full speech on Youtube.
If the above message sounds familiar, that might be because New York City’s Emergency Management Department released a public service video a year ago this month with a very similar message...
Popular Mechanics
NYC Nuclear Clown Ops:
Practically overnight, Kennedy’s address set off a nationwide fallout shelter frenzy on steroids. Heated debates ensued on the morality of turning away or even shooting neighbors trying to enter a family shelter in an emergency. Here’s an article in TIME from August 18, 1961 titled, "Gun Thy Neighbor?":
Quote:"When I get my shelter finished, I'm going to mount a machine gun at the hatch to keep the neighbors out if the bomb falls. I'm deadly serious about this. If the stupid American public will not do what they have to to save themselves, I'm not going to run the risk of not being able to use the shelter I've taken the trouble to provide to save my own family."
This kind of tough talk from a Chicago suburbanite last week had echoes all over the U.S., as the headlines spread uneasiness and the shelter business boomed. In Austin, Texas, Hardware Dealer Charles Davis stashed four rifles and a .357 Magnum pistol in his shelter and pointed out its four-inch-thick wooden door: "This isn't to keep radiation out, it's to keep people out." Davis is also prepared in the event that some of his shelterless neighbors get into his shelter before he does. "I've got a .38 tear-gas gun, and if I fire six or seven tear-gas bullets into the shelter, they'll either come out or the gas will get them."
Swarm of Locusts. "This seems to be something that looms very large in a lot of people's minds," says Vice President Roger Culler of International Shelter Corp. Many shelter owners, for example, go to great lengths to keep their shelters secret—even to the extent of passing off shelter construction workers as furnace repairmen.
Relations between Los Angeles and Las Vegas are still recovering from a flap over a speech by Las Vegas Civil Defense Leader J. Carlton Adair, who proposed a 5,000-man militia against the possibility of wartime refugees from California pouring into Nevada "like a swarm of locusts." And Civil Defense Coordinator Keith Dwyer of California's Riverside County (pop. 306,191) last week told a group of officials and reserve policemen in the town of Beaumont that as many as 150,000 refugees from Los Angeles might stream into Beaumont if there were an enemy attack, and that all survival kits should include a pistol. "There's nothing in the Christian ethic," said Dwyer, "which denies one's right to protect oneself and one's family."
Popular culture took notice. On September 29, 1961, CBS broadcast "The Shelter" - a nuclear-war-themed episode of "The Twilight Zone" written by Rod Serling that dramatically distilled the profound moral and ethical dilemmas presented by the family fallout shelter during a crisis.
Harshly criticized (including by Eleanor Roosevelt and the Rev. Billy Graham) for triggering the hysteria, JFK subsequently pleaded,"Let us concentrate more on keeping enemy bombers and missiles away from our shores, and concentrate less on keeping neighbors away from our shelters."
JFK November 18, 1961 Address in Los Angeles at a Dinner of the Democratic Party of California.
By the time the shelter frenzy ended in December 1961 (after tensions over Berlin had diminished), Congress had appropriated more than $200 million ($2,040,862,876 today) to clearly identify and restock existing public shelters. But only about 200,000 families had built their own.
The thousands of adverts in every newspaper, magazine, radio & TV commercials, stores, small businesses to sexy models had gone nuclear crazy. Some of those infamous fallout signs can still be found on old buildings across America cities & towns.
Exactly one year later after JFK's speech...
July 25, 1962 at Johnston Island in the Northern Pacific, under Operation Dominic (a series of 31 nuclear test explosions) a second attempt for Operation Fishbowl suffers "Bluegill Prime" failure. The Operation Fishbowl nuclear tests were originally planned to be completed during the first half of 1962 with three tests named Bluegill, Starfish and Urraca from Johnson Island. If a test were to fail, the next attempt of the same test would be of the same name plus the word "prime."
The Bluegill Prime high-altitude nuclear test failed when a fuel valve on the Thor Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) being used to launch the warhead got stuck in the open position, causing the missile to catch fire on the pad resulting in an epic radioactive disaster.
When the Thor’s command-destruct system malfunctioned, Sandia weapons scientists on site remotely disabled the W50 warhead by detonating one section of high explosives, causing major contamination and destroying the missile and launch pad (11:15-12:25): Video
A subsequent radiological survey by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) described the aftermath of this nuclear weapon disaster as follows:
Quote:“Plutonium material mixed with the flaming fuel drained into trench cables and was carried away in the smoke from several fires. This resulted in a deposition of alpha contamination on the launch pad complex that represented a major contamination problem. Contaminated debris was scattered throughout the wire-enclosed pad area and neighbouring areas. Metal revetment buildings were highly contaminated with alpha activity. Burning fuel flowing through cable trenches caused contamination on the interior of the revetments and all equipment contained therein. Fuel, which spilled and flowed over the compacted coral surrounding the launch mount and revetments resulted in highly contaminated areas. Prevailing winds at the time of the destruction caused general contamination of all areas downwind of the launch mount.”
Cleaning up Johnston Atoll
Damage was so severe, the launch complex had to be completely rebuilt. The DTRA report noted that during that three-month process to avoid delaying subsequent nuclear tests launched from Johnston Island, the heavily contaminated debris was hastily dumped into the surrounding ocean.
Quote:‘Atomic Bill’ and the Birth of the Bomb
How a star reporter became a cheerleader for the Manhattan Project, and what that says about journalistic ethics today.
5:51 a.m. on Monday, May 21, 1956, the famed New York Times science correspondent William Leonard “Atomic Bill” Laurence watched a new universe burst into existence.
As with most profound revelations, this one took a few minutes to sink in, even as Laurence watched it unfold about 40 miles away through a set of heavy goggles. Reliable eye protection was necessary when watching the birth of a new universe, as Laurence well knew, having already done so several times in his long career. No one else among the 14 other reporters who stood around him on that 1956 morning, clustered on the flag bridge of the Amphibious Force Command Ship U.S.S. Mount McKinley (AGC-7), could boast of such exclusives.
But even Laurence had never seen anything like what he was now contemplating. Called Cherokee, it was a hydrogen bomb that moments before had been dropped about four miles off target from a B-52 bomber flying 10 miles over the northern Pacific, near the island of Namu in the Bikini Atoll. Cherokee detonated at an altitude of about 5,000 feet with an explosive force of 3.8 megatons, hundreds of times as powerful as the Trinity test that had once so awed him.
William Laurence is the great neglected celebrity of the Manhattan Project. Mentioned in nearly every account of the atomic bomb saga, from Lansing Lamont’s 1965 “Day of Trinity” to Richard Rhodes’s seminal Pulitzer Prize-winning “The Making of the Atomic Bomb,” he’s the enigmatic reporter standing on the sidelines scribbling notes while Oppenheimer, Fermi, Teller, and the other Los Alamos geniuses stand in the cold New Mexico desert one July morning to watch the birth of their creation.
Yet none of these books, the films and TV movies such as “Fat Man and Little Boy” and “Day One,” or any of the other sundry retellings of the Manhattan Project story gives Laurence more than a passing reference. After encountering this mysterious figure so many times in so many different venues, I began to wonder: Who the hell was this guy, and how did he ever get to be the only reporter allowed to cover one of the biggest stories of the 20th century?
To the nuclear historian Alex Wellerstein, Laurence was “part huckster, part journalist, all wild card … he’s improbable in every way, a real-life character with more strangeness than would seem tolerable in pure fiction.” He has also become something of a moral bête noire for some who have questioned his motivations, ethics, and Manhattan Project reporting, seeing him either as an opportunist who parlayed a lucky break into a historical exclusive or a nefarious propagandist for the military establishment.
....
We will probably never know the true extent to which William Laurence was co-opted, compromised, or corrupted by his military and governmental connections and involvements. It appears that in many ways, he was never really certain himself, and allowed himself to fall into a rabbit hole of murky motivations, ethical conflicts, and questionable alliances for the sake of what he viewed as his journalistic duty and dedication to the truth. What is clear, however, is that he allowed his awe, his sense of wonder, to overwhelm his consciousness, numbing his original visceral dread of atomic weapons and his detailed knowledge of their power. After struggling for decades with the insoluble conflict between the atom’s potential for both unparalleled good and unspeakable evil, he resolved the struggle in his own soul by surrendering to a comforting anodyne, a conviction that nuclear weapons were ultimately a “world-covering, protective umbrella” to shield humanity until the dawn of a golden era of peace.
Blinded by the fireball light of Cherokee that shone so brilliantly and then faded, Laurence anesthetized the dread he had felt and warned of long before any of his colleagues by simply fooling himself. Those of us who are his inheritors must guard against falling into the same trap.
‘Atomic Bill’ and the Birth of the Bomb
"Today I am an inquisitor. An hyperbole would not be fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that I feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole; it is complete; it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction, of the Constitution." ... A President is impeachable if he attempts to subvert the Constitution."
If the impeachment provision in the Constitution of the United States will not reach the offenses charged here, then perhaps that 18th-century Constitution should be abandoned to a 20th-century paper shredder!" -- "Who can so properly be the inquisitors for the nation as the representatives of the nation themselves?"
— Rep. Barbara Jordan, Statement on the Articles of Impeachment, July 25, 1974; And quoting Federalist No. 65 (Alexander Hamilton)
Barbara Jordan remarks on impeachment during Watergate (Transcript & video)
"It is hard to imagine a more stupid or more dangerous way of making decisions than by putting those decisions in the hands of people who pay no price for being wrong." – Thomas Sowell